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                    <text>https://www.facebook.com/Islamic-Center-of-Henrico-Masjid-Al-Falah-1507292772815596/photos/a.1507294112815462/1507294119482128</text>
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      <description>Use this Item Type to create the case Item Pages for the U.S. Mosque Controversies site.</description>
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              <text>VA_01</text>
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              <text>7705 Impala Dr, Richmond, VA 23228</text>
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              <text>Richmond, VA (Henrico County)</text>
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                <text>Oxford College of Emory University</text>
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                <text>In 2008, the Islamic Center of Henrico submits a proposal to rezone a 5.2-acre lot to build a 10,000-square-foot mosque and community center. Mosque opponents raise concerns about increased noise and traffic. After Henrico County denies the application, the center sues the county, alleging religious discrimination. In March 2010, the U.S. Department of Justice opens an investigation into the county’s denial and subsequently files a separate federal suit, noting that the county had never denied a zoning application submitted by a Christian church. The lawsuits are settled out of court after the county approves a new rezoning application for the mosque property in August 2011</text>
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                <text>Ezoza Eshova, Madeleine Kleinerman, Indar Ramlal, and Kenneth Wingate</text>
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                    <text>https://fredericksburg.com/news/local/site-work-starts-for-first-mosque-in-culpeper/article_cd2dd633-7b78-5d80-82c7-f7786deb4dd7.html</text>
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      <description>Use this Item Type to create the case Item Pages for the U.S. Mosque Controversies site.</description>
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              <text>VA_07</text>
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          <name>Address</name>
          <description>Enter the full address, if it is available.</description>
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              <text>14434 Rixeyville Rd, Culpeper, VA 22701</text>
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          <description>Year the case began.</description>
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              <text>2016</text>
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              <text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Narrative&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;In January 2016, The Islamic Center of Culpeper (ICC) was looking for a place for a new worship facility. Since 2013, ICC had held prayers and educational activities for children in a small house with inadequate facilities. In 2016, the community made a $1,000 down payment for one acre of land within an R-1 zoning district, where religious facilities were permitted use. The ICC intended to demolish a dilapidated structure on the property and replace it with a small mosque that could hold up to one hundred people for religious gatherings. Mohammed Nawabe, President of ICC, then contacted the Zoning Administrator and Acting Planning Director, Sam McLean, to inquire about the proper forms required to build a mosque on the land. The health department told Nawabe that the community would need a pump and haul permit because the property did not have access to the county sewage system. ICC's application was scheduled for discussion at the County's Board Meeting on March 1, 2016.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;Before the meeting,  Kurt Christensen, a local Republican leader, sent several emails to county officials and local media concerning ICC's application (Johnston, Mar 1, 2016). In response to questions from a local reporter, Christensen subsequently admitted that using the property for "Islamic" activities had been a motivating concern (ibid.). At the March 1 Board meeting, the County Attorney requested additional time to review the ICC's application. This caused the Board to table the permit request for 30 days until its next meeting on April 5 (Islamic Center of Culpeper v. County of Culpeper,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;2017). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;Public opposition intensified after the March 1 board meeting. In addition to emails and phone calls to county officials, anti-mosque residents publicly displayed a banner that said "No Islamic Center" along with the April 5 hearing date and Chairwoman Fritz’s name and contact information (Islamic Center of Culpeper v. County of Culpeper,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;2017). On April 2nd, Chairwoman Fritz emailed County Administrator Ergenson about the emails and phone calls she received regarding the mosque project (ibid.). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;The Board took up ICC’s application for a pump and haul permit again at its April 5 meeting. County staff recommended approval of the permit. During the Board's discussion, three Supervisors spoke out against approval, remarking that pump and haul permits should be granted only in emergencies and that ICC’s application did not constitute sufficient evidence of hardship. In the end, the Board voted 4-3 against the approval of the application. People in opposition to the ICC application cheered and applauded the denial. Subsequently, the County took steps to prevent ICC from its plan to build a mosque by imposing two consecutive 120-day moratoria on any new pump and haul applications in August and November 2016, thereby preventing ICC from re-applying. In January 2017, the Board's Rules Committee established an onerous new pump and haul policy, stating that "except in the rarest of circumstances and upon sufficient demonstration of extreme hardship conditions," the County does not support pump and haul as a permanent sewage solution. The new policy also required the Board to consider petitions for permanent pump and haul licenses case-by-case (Islamic Center of Culpeper v. County of Culpeper,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;2017). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;The Board's On December 12, 2016, the Department of Justice filed a lawsuit against Culpeper County, alleging that the County violated the terms of the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act or RLUIPA (United States v. Culpeper,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;2017). In March of 2017, the ICC, represented by Muslim Advocates, a national civil rights organization, filed a separate lawsuit against Culpeper County for discrimination (Islamic Center of Culpeper v. County of Culpeper,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;2017). The ACLU also supported ICC’s legal case. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;Both suits claimed that the County's board members allowed anti-Muslim community members to influence the Board's decision. It had previously issued more than twenty similar permit requests with little discussion (Vote to settle mosque dispute is the right call for Culpeper, 2017, April 29). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;On April 21, 2017, the County of Culpeper and the ICC settled the case. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;The settlement agreement required the County to approve the ICC's original application and pay ICC $10,000 for expenses resulting from the denial. However, the County did not have to admit any wrongdoing. In September 2017, the court dismissed the DOJ's lawsuit since the County had granted the needed permit to the ICC. The County agreed to take other steps to prevent further violation of RLUIPA (United States v. Culpeper,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;2017). By January 2019, the Islamic Center of Culpeper had completed the site plan and raised about $107,000 for Culpeper County's first-ever mosque (Brophy Champion, 2019, Jan 4). By April 2020, mosque construction was nearly complete (Jennings, 2020, Apr 26). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;References&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;Brophy Champion, A. (2019, January 4). After resolution of federal lawsuit, Culpeper's first mosque is on course for 2020. Richmond Times-Dispatch: Web Edition Articles (VA). Available from NewsBank: Access World News – Historical and Current: https://infoweb-newsbank-com.proxy.library.emory.edu/apps/news/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;Islamic Center of Culpeper v. County of Culpeper, Virginia. (United States District Court: Western District of Virginia, March 9, 2017). Available at https://muslimadvocates.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Court-Case_2017.03.09_ICC-v.-Culpeper_Complaint.pdf. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;Jennings, E. (2020, April 26). Culpeper mosque construction nearly complete. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;Free Lance-Star, The (Fredericksburg, VA)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;, p. 3C. Available from NewsBank: Access World News – Historical and Current: https://infoweb-newsbank-com.proxy.library.emory.edu/apps/news/document-view?p=WORLDNEWS&amp;amp;docref=news/17A961C6CB66B768.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;Johnston, D. (2016, March 1). Culpeper board delays vote on Islamic prayer house permit.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt; TCA Regional News.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt; https://login.proxy.library.emory.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/wire-feeds/culpeper-board-delays-vote-on-islamic-prayer/docview/1769273608/se-2?accountid=10747 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;United States America v. County of Culpeper, Virginia. (United States District Court: Western District of Virginia, September 1st, 2017). https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/virginia/vawdce/3:2016cv00083/105798/120/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;Vote to settle mosque dispute is the right call for Culpeper. (2017, April 19). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;Culpeper Star-Exponent (VA)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;. Available from NewsBank: Access World News – Historical and Current: https://infoweb-newsbank-com.proxy.library.emory.edu/apps/news/document-view?p=WORLDNEWS&amp;amp;docref=news/163E5846EB42D440.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;</text>
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              <text>5,000 square-foot mosque on a one-acre property, including a library, playroom, youth Room, prayer rooms, parking lot</text>
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        <element elementId="59">
          <name>Proposed By</name>
          <description>List the entity (legal entity or community name) that proposed the project.</description>
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            <elementText elementTextId="1217">
              <text>&lt;a href="https://islamiccenterofculpeper.org/"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;Islamic Center of Culpeper&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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              <text>Culpeper County granted the pump and haul permit and approved the site plan after settling ICC’s lawsuit against the county in April 2017. </text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Culpeper County, VA</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Lauren Dumesnil and Mary Yuan</text>
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                <text>Oxford College of Emory University</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>In early 2017, the Islamic Center of Culpeper (ICC) settled its lawsuit against the County of Culpeper for denying a pump and haul sewage permit for a new mosque construction in a rural zoning district where religious land use was permitted by right. The U.S. Department of Justice had filed a separate lawsuit against the county alleging religious discrimination.</text>
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        <name>Approved</name>
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        <name>DOJ</name>
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        <name>Lawsuit (RLUIPA)</name>
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      <tag tagId="33">
        <name>Legislation</name>
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        <name>Mosque</name>
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        <name>Muslim Advocates</name>
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        <name>Planning and Zoning</name>
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        <name>Public Campaign</name>
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              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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      <name>Case</name>
      <description>Use this Item Type to create the case Item Pages for the U.S. Mosque Controversies site.</description>
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        <element elementId="52">
          <name>Case Number</name>
          <description>Enter the case number in this field using the format: Case No. XX_00 (e.g. Case No. Ga_01)</description>
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              <text>Case No. Va_04</text>
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          <name>Location</name>
          <description>The location of the interview</description>
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              <text>Chantilly, VA</text>
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          <name>Year</name>
          <description>Year the case began.</description>
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              <text>2012</text>
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        <element elementId="54">
          <name>Address</name>
          <description>Enter the full address, if it is available.</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
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              <text>4555 Ahmadiyya Drive, Chantilly, VA 20151</text>
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        <element elementId="55">
          <name>Plus Code</name>
          <description>Enter the plus code for the location, if it is available.</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="1344">
              <text>VHJ7+5C Chantilly, Virginia</text>
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          <name>Proposed Project</name>
          <description/>
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          <name>Proposed By</name>
          <description>List the entity (legal entity or community name) that proposed the project.</description>
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              <text>Ahmadiyya Muslim Community Mosque</text>
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          <name>Type of Opposition</name>
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              <text>Crimes Against Property (Vandalism)</text>
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        <element elementId="61">
          <name>Outcome</name>
          <description>Rejected, Approved, Approved with Modifications</description>
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              <text>Built</text>
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          </elementTextContainer>
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        <element elementId="62">
          <name>Narrative</name>
          <description>Enter the narrative about the case here.</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="1349">
              <text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;The Ahmadiyah Muslim Community Mosque was under construction to serve the Ahmadiyah Muslim population in Chantilly, VA, and the surrounding area. Between 4:30 PM on January 29, 2012, and 8:30 AM on January 30, 2012, the mosque was vandalized. The following morning, construction crew members discovered extensive damage to the building's exterior, along with several empty containers of alcoholic beverages. In response to the incident, various groups and local leaders, including the Council on American-Islamic Relations (CAIR) and the Anti-Defamation League (ADL), issued public statements urging federal and local law enforcement to investigate the incident as a potential hate crime.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;The majority of the damage resulted from the perpetrators throwing stones and concrete bricks through the custom windows on the first floor, causing an estimated $60,000 in damages. The force of the impact also dislodged chunks of the exterior wall. Additionally, beer cans and other remnants of alcoholic beverages were found at and around the site. It appeared that the perpetrators did not attempt to enter the building. Despite these findings, the Fairfax Police Department reported no evidence suggesting that the act of vandalism constituted a hate crime. Nevertheless, both CAIR and the ADL issued statements advocating for the incident to be investigated as a possible hate crime.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;In the week following the incident, Senator Jim Webb (D-VA) made the following statement: "The reported vandalism of a mosque in Chantilly, Virginia, is an affront to the American traditions which we hold dear. We must not remain silent when any house of worship is attacked like this on our soil” (Senator Webb Statement on Vandalism of Mosque, 2012, Jan 31). Similarly, Governor Tim Kaine condemned the vandalism, stating, "The act of vandalism that occurred at a mosque in Chantilly, Virginia, is inexcusable. Every American has the right to worship safely and peacefully, and we must take swift and appropriate action against any who threaten that right" (Tim Kaine Statement on Act of Vandalism Against at Chantilly Mosque, 2012, Feb 1).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;Senator Webb Statement on Vandalism of Mosque in Chantilly, Virginia. (2012, February 1). Targeted News Service (USA). Available from &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://infoweb-newsbank-com.proxy.library.emory.edu/apps/news/document-view?p=WORLDNEWS&amp;amp;docref=news/13CA7C7055B83228"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;NewsBank&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;Tim Kaine Statement On Act Of Vandalism At Chantilly Mosque. (2012, February 1). Targeted News Service. Available from &lt;a href="https://advance-lexis-com.proxy.library.emory.edu/api/document?collection=news&amp;amp;id=urn:contentItem:57F8-DVY1-DYG2-R384-00000-00&amp;amp;context=1516831"&gt;Nexix Uni&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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          <element elementId="41">
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>The Ahmadiyah Muslim Community Mosque in Chantilly, VA, was vandalized overnight between January 29 and 30, 2012, resulting in extensive exterior damage and $60,000 in repair costs.  Following the vandalism, CAIR and the ADL called for local and federal law enforcement to investigate the incident as a possible hate crime. Local law enforcement arrested at least one suspect but stated that there was no evidence of a hate crime being committed. </text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1338">
                <text>Bryce Bentinck</text>
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    <tagContainer>
      <tag tagId="42">
        <name>ADL</name>
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      <tag tagId="21">
        <name>Built</name>
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      <tag tagId="22">
        <name>CAIR</name>
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      <tag tagId="28">
        <name>Crimes Against Property</name>
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      <tag tagId="11">
        <name>Mosque</name>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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      <name>Case</name>
      <description>Use this Item Type to create the case Item Pages for the U.S. Mosque Controversies site.</description>
      <elementContainer>
        <element elementId="52">
          <name>Case Number</name>
          <description>Enter the case number in this field using the format: Case No. XX_00 (e.g. Case No. Ga_01)</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="823">
              <text>VA_06</text>
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          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
      </elementContainer>
    </itemType>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>Fredericksburg, VA</text>
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  <item itemId="69" public="1" featured="0">
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            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="708">
                  <text>Virginia</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
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      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <itemType itemTypeId="19">
      <name>Case</name>
      <description>Use this Item Type to create the case Item Pages for the U.S. Mosque Controversies site.</description>
      <elementContainer>
        <element elementId="52">
          <name>Case Number</name>
          <description>Enter the case number in this field using the format: Case No. XX_00 (e.g. Case No. Ga_01)</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="1353">
              <text>Case No. Va_08</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="4">
          <name>Location</name>
          <description>The location of the interview</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="1354">
              <text>Nokesville, VA</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="65">
          <name>Year</name>
          <description>Year the case began.</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="1355">
              <text>2017</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="54">
          <name>Address</name>
          <description>Enter the full address, if it is available.</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="1356">
              <text>12655 Vint Hill Rd, Nokesville, VA 20181</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="55">
          <name>Plus Code</name>
          <description>Enter the plus code for the location, if it is available.</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="1357">
              <text>PCJH+R6 Nokesville, Virginia</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="57">
          <name>Proposed Project</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="1358">
              <text>ADAMS plans a 22,400-square-foot mosque in Nokesville, Prince William County, that will accommodate 500 worshippers, offer Sunday school, and host interfaith events.</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="59">
          <name>Proposed By</name>
          <description>List the entity (legal entity or community name) that proposed the project.</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="1359">
              <text>&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.adamscenter.org/about"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;All Dulles Area Muslim Society&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="60">
          <name>Type of Opposition</name>
          <description>Public Campaign, Vandalism, Legal Action, Local Ordinance</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="1360">
              <text>Public Campaign, Legal Action</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="61">
          <name>Outcome</name>
          <description>Rejected, Approved, Approved with Modifications</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="1361">
              <text>Approved</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="62">
          <name>Narrative</name>
          <description>Enter the narrative about the case here.</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="1362">
              <text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;In 2016, the All Dulles Area Muslim Society (ADAMS) sought a special-use permit for a property in Nokesville intended for the construction of a 500-person mosque, aiming to serve the local Muslim population of 150-200 individuals who currently worshiped in rented premises in nearby Manassas. The proposed facility would serve as an Islamic Center accommodating prayers, classes, fundraisers, and similar activities. The project faced significant opposition from local residents, citing concerns such as its perceived clash with the rural ambiance and aesthetics of the town, potential traffic congestion, and fears of setting a precedent for excessive development.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;The Prince William County Planning Commission initially recommended approval of the permit with the condition of using a septic tank. However, adhering to federal non-discrimination laws, the County Board of Supervisors approved the project, allowing ADAMS to connect to the public sewer system. This decision led to community groups challenging the County Board of Supervisors in court and attempting to remove Chairman Corey Stewart from office.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;During the Planning Commission meeting, public concerns centered on the mosque's size and its impact on the landscape, traffic flow, and the Rural Crescent—a protected area of approximately 80,000 acres to prevent urban sprawl and excessive development. Public sewer access within the Rural Crescent was traditionally restricted to control building size and development. The Planning Commission's decision to permit the mosque without public sewer access was justified based on these zoning regulations. Supporters of the mosque noted previous exceptions for religious institutions to connect to the public sewer system, while opponents argued that these exceptions were granted due to specific infrastructure-related needs.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;At the Prince William Board of Supervisors meeting, the motion to approve the proposed mosque project was divided into two parts. The first part, concerning the mosque's construction without access to the public sewer, was unanimously approved. The second motion to allow the mosque to connect to the public sewer system, which initially faced rejection, was revisited and ultimately approved. This decision reversal followed inquiries directed to the County Attorney regarding RLUIPA and the application of County policy in prior cases involving religious institutions. During this discussion, the Board was reminded by its legal counsel of the unsuitability of a septic system for the sporadic usage typical of such religious institutions, citing a previous determination regarding a Christian church. Subsequently, the motion to grant the mosque access to the public sewer system was approved by a vote of 5-3, overturning the previous rejection resulting in a 4-4 tie.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;Following the Board's approval, civic groups like Save Our PWC, LLC, mobilized to petition for Chairman Stewart's removal, citing concerns about his conduct and adherence to regulations (Koma, 2017, September 14). Another group, Action for Rural Crescent, LLC, pursued legal action against the Board, arguing procedural irregularities infringed upon their due process rights and violated state law. Despite these challenges, Chairman Stewart retained his position, and the Prince William County Circuit Court ultimately dismissed the legal case brought by Action for Rural Crescent, LLC.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;References&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;Koma, A. (2017, September 14). Group formed to recall Prince William chairman Corey Stewart. InsideNoVa - Prince William (VA). Available from &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://infoweb-newsbank-com.proxy.library.emory.edu/apps/news/document-view?p=WORLDNEWS&amp;amp;docref=news/166EBB3F0A5F1720"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;NewsBank&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="808">
                <text>Nokesville, VA</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1350">
                <text>The case details the contentious approval process for a proposed mosque in Nokesville by the All Dulles Area Muslim Society (ADAMS). Despite local opposition citing concerns over rural aesthetics and traffic, the Prince William County Planning Commission recommended approval, leading to a legal battle and attempts to remove Chairman Corey Stewart from office. The County Board of Supervisors ultimately approved the project, allowing ADAMS to connect to public sewer after initial rejection. This decision involved considerations of federal laws, zoning regulations in the Rural Crescent, and comparisons with past religious institution cases, culminating in legal challenges and Chairman Stewart retaining his position.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1351">
                <text>Bryce Bentinck</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1352">
                <text>Oxford College of Emory University</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
    <tagContainer>
      <tag tagId="9">
        <name>Approved</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="24">
        <name>Lawsuit (non-RLUIPA)</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="29">
        <name>Legal Campaign</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="11">
        <name>Mosque</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="39">
        <name>Purpose-Built</name>
      </tag>
    </tagContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="76" public="1" featured="0">
    <fileContainer>
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      <elementSetContainer>
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          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="708">
                  <text>Virginia</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <itemType itemTypeId="19">
      <name>Case</name>
      <description>Use this Item Type to create the case Item Pages for the U.S. Mosque Controversies site.</description>
      <elementContainer>
        <element elementId="52">
          <name>Case Number</name>
          <description>Enter the case number in this field using the format: Case No. XX_00 (e.g. Case No. Ga_01)</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="829">
              <text>Case No. Va_05</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="58">
          <name>Date</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="830">
              <text>2013</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="54">
          <name>Address</name>
          <description>Enter the full address, if it is available.</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="1051">
              <text>2401 Courthouse Drive, Virginia Beach, VA 23456</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
      </elementContainer>
    </itemType>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="828">
                <text>Virginia Beach, VA</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1052">
                <text>Councilman Bill DeSteph of Virgina Beach, Virginia, says a city council approved mosque is a threat to national security and has ties to the Muslim Brotherhood. He provides no evidence to support his claim, and is the only council member to vote against the mosque. [Source: CI]</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1053">
                <text>Oxford College of Emory University</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
    <tagContainer>
      <tag tagId="9">
        <name>Approved</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="11">
        <name>Mosque</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="10">
        <name>Public Campaign</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="30">
        <name>Public Speech</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="16">
        <name>Under Construction</name>
      </tag>
    </tagContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="77" public="1" featured="0">
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          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="708">
                  <text>Virginia</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <itemType itemTypeId="19">
      <name>Case</name>
      <description>Use this Item Type to create the case Item Pages for the U.S. Mosque Controversies site.</description>
      <elementContainer>
        <element elementId="52">
          <name>Case Number</name>
          <description>Enter the case number in this field using the format: Case No. XX_00 (e.g. Case No. Ga_01)</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="832">
              <text>VA_02</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="58">
          <name>Date</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="833">
              <text>2012</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="59">
          <name>Proposed By</name>
          <description>List the entity (legal entity or community name) that proposed the project.</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="834">
              <text>Islamic Center of Richmond</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="4">
          <name>Location</name>
          <description>The location of the interview</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="1044">
              <text>Glen Allen, VA (Henrico County)</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="65">
          <name>Year</name>
          <description>Year the case began.</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="1045">
              <text>2012</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
      </elementContainer>
    </itemType>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="831">
                <text>Glen Allen, VA</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1046">
                <text>The Islamic Center of Richmond seeks and receives permission from Henrico County to expand its current facility into a two-story, roughly 30,000-square-foot structure to house a mosque, a daycare center and a school. Shortly after construction begins in May 2012, a resident who lives near the center filed an appeal of the county’s decision to approve the expansion, citing traffic and parking concerns. At a public hearing in June 2012, residents voice concerns about traffic, safety and lighting. County officials state that the plans met all county requirements and that they will continue to monitor the project’s compliance with county regulations.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
    <tagContainer>
      <tag tagId="9">
        <name>Approved</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="21">
        <name>Built</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="25">
        <name>Expansion</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="29">
        <name>Legal Campaign</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="10">
        <name>Public Campaign</name>
      </tag>
    </tagContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="78" public="1" featured="0">
    <fileContainer>
      <file fileId="175">
        <src>https://usmc.oxomeka.org/files/original/9715ca4a330081046a9df81ca3a5eea0.png</src>
        <authentication>91161a882190712de077ff5366a3dc8e</authentication>
      </file>
    </fileContainer>
    <collection collectionId="17">
      <elementSetContainer>
        <elementSet elementSetId="1">
          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="708">
                  <text>Virginia</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <itemType itemTypeId="19">
      <name>Case</name>
      <description>Use this Item Type to create the case Item Pages for the U.S. Mosque Controversies site.</description>
      <elementContainer>
        <element elementId="52">
          <name>Case Number</name>
          <description>Enter the case number in this field using the format: Case No. XX_00 (e.g. Case No. Ga_01)</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="837">
              <text>VA_03</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="58">
          <name>Date</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="838">
              <text>2012</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="54">
          <name>Address</name>
          <description>Enter the full address, if it is available.</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="839">
              <text>5000 Shady Grove Rd, Glen Allen, VA 23059&#13;
</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="55">
          <name>Plus Code</name>
          <description>Enter the plus code for the location, if it is available.</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="840">
              <text>M9FW+C4 Glen Allen, Virginia</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="57">
          <name>Proposed Project</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="841">
              <text>&lt;a href="https://weicrva.org/"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="4">
          <name>Location</name>
          <description>The location of the interview</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="1038">
              <text>Short Pump, VA (Henrico County)</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="65">
          <name>Year</name>
          <description>Year the case began.</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="1041">
              <text>2012</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="59">
          <name>Proposed By</name>
          <description>List the entity (legal entity or community name) that proposed the project.</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="1042">
              <text>&lt;a href="https://weicrva.org/"&gt;West End Islamic Center&lt;/a&gt;</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="60">
          <name>Type of Opposition</name>
          <description>Public Campaign, Vandalism, Legal Action, Local Ordinance</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="1043">
              <text>Public Campaign</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
      </elementContainer>
    </itemType>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="836">
                <text>Short Pump, VA</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1039">
                <text>In 2012, the West End Islamic Center proposes to knock down its single-story temporary mosque and replace it with a 35,000-square-foot facility that would include a mosque, classrooms, a daycare, a kitchen, offices and a conference room. Some residents oppose the plans at a Henrico County Planning Commission meeting, voicing concerns such as increased traffic, insufficient parking and maintaining the historic look of the neighborhood. The planning commission unanimously approves the mosque proposal in July 2012. [Source: Pew 2012]</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1040">
                <text>Oxford College of Emory University</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
    <tagContainer>
      <tag tagId="9">
        <name>Approved</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="11">
        <name>Mosque</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="10">
        <name>Public Campaign</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="39">
        <name>Purpose-Built</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="16">
        <name>Under Construction</name>
      </tag>
    </tagContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="102" public="1" featured="0">
    <fileContainer>
      <file fileId="209">
        <src>https://usmc.oxomeka.org/files/original/8dc9f7b9209c306c25db139282f0511b.png</src>
        <authentication>682f64d5c6d8bfd60b35cd710e1799d8</authentication>
      </file>
    </fileContainer>
    <collection collectionId="17">
      <elementSetContainer>
        <elementSet elementSetId="1">
          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="708">
                  <text>Virginia</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <itemType itemTypeId="19">
      <name>Case</name>
      <description>Use this Item Type to create the case Item Pages for the U.S. Mosque Controversies site.</description>
      <elementContainer>
        <element elementId="52">
          <name>Case Number</name>
          <description>Enter the case number in this field using the format: Case No. XX_00 (e.g. Case No. Ga_01)</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="1519">
              <text>Case No. Va_11</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="4">
          <name>Location</name>
          <description>The location of the interview</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="1520">
              <text>McLean, VA</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="65">
          <name>Year</name>
          <description>Year the case began.</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="1521">
              <text>2015</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="54">
          <name>Address</name>
          <description>Enter the full address, if it is available.</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="1522">
              <text>8800 Jarrett Valley Dr, Vienna, VA 22182</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="57">
          <name>Proposed Project</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="1523">
              <text>Islamic Learning Center</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="59">
          <name>Proposed By</name>
          <description>List the entity (legal entity or community name) that proposed the project.</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="1524">
              <text>&lt;a href="https://mcleanmuslims.org/"&gt;McLean Islamic Center&lt;/a&gt;</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
      </elementContainer>
    </itemType>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1517">
                <text>Oxford College of Emory University</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1518">
                <text>McLean, VA</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
    <tagContainer>
      <tag tagId="44">
        <name>Prior Church Use</name>
      </tag>
    </tagContainer>
  </item>
</itemContainer>
